semantic part II

ENGLISH SEMANTIC

ASSIGMENT BY:

ROFIATUS SYAMSIAH

NPM: 2008100320046

INSTITUT KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

BUDI UTOMO MALANG

FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND HUMANIORA SCIENCE

BAB I

         INTRODUCTION

Semantics is the study of how meaning is conveyed through signs and language. Linguistic semantics focuses on the history of how words have been used in the past. General semantics is about how people mean and refer in terms of likely intent and assumptions. These three kinds of semantics: Formal, Historical, and General-Semantics are studied in many different branches of science (methods of studying meaning vary widely). Understanding how facial expressions, body language, and tone affect meaning, and how words, phrases, sentences, and punctuation relate to meaning are examples of Semantics. Denotations are the literal or primary meaning of word. Connotations are ideas or feelings that a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning. during the 19th century Philosopher John Stuart Mill defined semantic meaning with the words "denotation" and "connotation”  The original use of "meaning" as understood early in the 20th century occurred through Lady Welby, after her daughter translated the term "semantics" from French.

BAB II

ANALYSIS

Semantics is a study of the meaning of  lexical items and other parts of language. There are seven types of meaning in Semantics; conceptual, connotative, stylistic, affective, reflected,  collocative and thematic meaning. This study focuses on only two of  the types of meaning: conceptual meaning and connotative meaning. Now  I will analysis about lyric sentence in this song:

SOMETIMES

By: brithney spears

You tell me you're in love with me
Like you can't take your pretty eyes away from me
It's not that I don't wanna stay
But every time you come too close I move away

I wanna believe in everything that you say
'Cause it sounds so good
But if you really want me, move slow
There's things about me you just have to know

[Chorus]
Sometimes I run (sometimes)
Sometimes I hide
Sometimes I'm scared of you
But all I really want is to hold you tight
Treat you right, be with you day and night

Baby all I need is time

I don't wanna be so shy
Every time that I'm alone I wonder why
Hope that you will wait for me
You'll see that you're the only one for me

I wanna believe in everything that you say
'Cause it sounds so good
But if you really want me, move slow
There's things about me you just have to know

[Chorus]

All I really want is to hold you tight
Treat you right, be with you day and night
Baby all I need is time

Just hang around and you'll see
There's nowhere I'd rather be
If you love me, trust in me
The way that I trust in you

[Chorus: x2]

All I really want is to hold you tight
Be with you day and night
Sometimes I run, (sometimes) sometimes I hide
Sometimes I'm scared of you
But all I really want is to hold you tight
Treat you right, be with you day and night

In this sentence  

1.      “Like you can't take your pretty eyes away from me”  Sentence can mean either:

ü  “you will take your pretty eyes form me”

ü  “the pretty eyes can’t take by you”

And

2.      “Baby all I need is time” sentence can mean  ether:

ü  The time is need baby

ü  The baby  and I need time

ü  The baby need  I and time

               Sentence n0 1 and  no2 are the ambiguity because by particular semantic properties of the word pretty ,and eyes .in the meaning of pretty includes something like” girl’s characteristic “and not eyes.

              In this  sentence no 1 also  included in collective meaning , Collocative meaning is the meaning which a word acquires in the company of certain words. Words collocate or co-occur with certain words only e.g. Big business not large or great.Collocative meaning refers to associations of a word because of its usual or habitual co-occurrence with certain types of words. ‘Pretty’ and ‘handsome’ indicate ‘good looking’. However, they slightly differ from each other because of collocation or co-occurrence. The word ‘pretty’ collocates with – girls, woman, village, gardens, flowers, etc.On the other hand, the word ‘handsome’ collocates with – ‘boys’ men, etc. so ‘pretty woman’ and ‘handsome man’. While different kinds of attractiveness, hence ‘handsome woman’ may mean attractive but in a mannish way. The verbs ‘wander’ and ‘stroll’ are quasi-synonymous- they may have almost the same meaning but while ‘cows may wonder into another farm’, they don’t stroll into that farm because ‘stroll’ collocates with human subject only. Similarly one ‘trembles with fear’ but ‘quivers with excitement’. Collocative meanings need to be invoked only when other categories of meaning don’t apply. Generalizations can be made in case of other meanings while collocative meaning is simply on idiosyncratic property of individual words. Collocative meaning has its importance and it is a marginal kind of category.

Summary of Seven Types of Meaning.

1.      Conceptual Meaning            = Logical, cognitive or connotative content.

2.      Connotative Meaning           = What is communicated by virtue of what language

                                                    refers

3.      Social Meaning                      = What is communicated of the social circumstances of

                                                   language

4.      Affective Meaning                 = what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of                                         

                                                   the speaker through language.

5.      Reflected Meaning           .     = What is communicated through associations with

                                                   another Sense of the same world

6.       Collocative Meaning             = What is communhcated through associations with

                                                    words which co-occur with another word.

7.       Thematic Meaning                = What is communicated by the way in which the

                                                    message is organized in terms of order and emphasis

Conclusion:

Study of meaning, one of the major areas of linguistic study. Linguists have approached it in a variety of ways. Members of the school of interpretive semantics study the structures of language independent of their conditions of use. In contrast, the advocates of generative semantics insist that the meaning of sentences is a function of their use. Still another group maintains that semantics will not advance until theorists take into account the psychological questions of how people form concepts and how these relate to word meanings.

In linguistics, semantics is the subfield that is devoted to the study of meaning, as borne on the syntactic levels of words, phrases, sentences, and even larger units of discourse (referred to as texts). As with any empirical science, semantics involves the interplay of concrete data with theoretical concepts. Traditionally, semantics has included the study of connotative sense and denotative reference, truth conditions, argument structure, thematic roles, discourse analysis, and the linkage of all of these to syntax.

According to Leech there are only seven types of meaning. Meaning plays a vital role in understanding what is communicated. Thus, there are seven types of meaning and they contributed much to the field of semantics. The study of meaning is a new field of this analysis of meaning in field of linguistics.

Literature

Song “sometimes”, by Brithney spears